Holistic Planning for a More Modern Smart Factory

Today’s ultra-competitive industrial climate has manufacturers looking for ways to become more agile and adapt quickly to rapidly changing markets and an increasingly diverse range of customer demands. Digital transformation is one approach that many enterprises are using to become more agile. To digitally transform their facilities, they are turning to smart technologies such as industrial internet of things (IIoT), digital twin/thread, artificial intelligence, machine learning, cloud computing, mobility, analytics, and so much more. For many, the ideal facility is a place where operations, IT, supply chain, and customers all coexist in an environment of collaboration and information sharing that breeds efficiency and reliability.

The road to a smarter, more modern facility isn’t easy, however. For many manufacturers, a substantial gap exists between their current state and what is required to even begin adopting these technologies. Recognizing how smart technologies enable bottom-line value is a good first step toward bridging the gap, but recognition alone isn’t sufficient to power a company’s effort to competitively reach “elite” status. Many manufacturers struggle against an outdated control system infrastructure that limits their ability to adopt these important enabling technologies.

Before success can be realized, manufacturers must address these legacy restrictions and develop a capable foundation that supports new and emerging technologies. They should also take a hard look at their operations and see where smart technologies could fit into their existing infrastructure while continuing to support their business needs and process requirements. Ultimately, the road to a smart factory is a journey that requires innovation, an upfront plan, and a solid implementation strategy that is based on a holistic design approach with an eye toward modularity, agility, and ultimate sustainability.

A time to innovate

Tackling an automation hardware and software project of any magnitude is not for the faint of heart. Key stakeholders must decide whether to replace systems piecemeal or start over completely with all new systems. No matter the chosen path, a qualified team using a standards-based approach is critical to ensure consistency and meet company-wide functionality requirements.

As the heart of the production facility, the process control system is critical to business operations and, as such, is rarely altered. A businesssanctioned modernization project is the ideal opportunity to evaluate current operations and leverage smart technologies to not just replicate these critical systems—but innovate instead.

Replicating existing issues will reduce the flexibility of the new control system from the very outset and will continue to limit its potential over its lifespan. Manufacturers could end up back where they started—with the same functionality simply being implemented in different ways, creating maintenance challenges down the road.

This is not to say that manufacturers should outright dismiss the value of their existing legacy systems. It is still essential to preserve and leverage the years of intellectual property configured into existing systems. All their positive aspects should be captured and combined with the new technologies being implemented.

Incorporating the latest control functionality—developing effective human-machine interfaces (HMIs), alarm management, and compliant safety systems—will enhance profitability. The key to success is to identify what new technologies will provide the most benefit and return on investment (ROI) for a company’s unique situation.

For instance, legacy HMIs are an area that has been consistently identified as a problem for operators. Unclear and ineffective graphics, along with an alarm system that lacks proper prioritization, improperly set alarm points, and ineffective annunciation lead to unplanned downtime and billions of dollars in lost production every year.

Facilities that deal with these real-world issues could benefit from a highly functioning alarm management system. A modern highperformance HMI can help operators respond more quickly to problems by clearly distinguishing between low-priority, high-priority, and critical alarms to mitigate abnormal situations before production is impacted.

These projects are inherently complex, and internal resources have limited bandwidth, so engaging an automation solutions provider with expertise in planning, design, and implementation can move a project forward with reduced risk and greater success. Depending on size, the project scope may need to be parsed into multiple projects, where each has its own schedule that includes:

• Current and subsequent front-end loading (FEL) process
• Design
• Engineering
• Testing
• Installation
• Startup and commissioning

A trusted third-party automation solutions provider can help evaluate the overall situation and create a well-defined project scope and framework that aligns with the company’s business goals and objectives. It all starts with a solid plan.

Plan early

Front-end loading/front-end engineering (FEL/FEED): A wise and necessary first step for a modernization project is the FEL/FEED effort, which ensures that an execution plan and schedule are in place to keep the project(s) on time and on budget. Each phase of the FEL process (FEL1>FEL2>FEL3), from conceptual “go/no-go” for the project to capital planning estimates to refining the details that justify funding, helps reduce implementation risk for cost, schedule, and system performance. The FEL process also helps determine the best control system platform to meet the business needs and provides accurate, justifiable cost estimates to successfully navigate the capital expense (CapEx) funding process and secure stakeholder support.

In addition to technical aspects of an FEL, companies may benefit from an upfront CapEx evaluation and iterative implementation approach to balance improvement efforts with cash flow constraints. When strategic improvement goals are bound to a piecewise project execution method, however, it is important not to lose sight of desired long-term outcomes. Often, too much emphasis is placed on traditional objectives like simpler, cheaper, and faster evaluated on a per-project basis. This myopic approach can negatively impact the long-term goals of a broader modernization effort.

Project execution plan (PEP): Preparing and planning for startup and commissioning early in the process helps synchronize construction activities, which is extremely important to identify any potential equipment issues and minimize risk for a more successful project outcome. Prior to creating a plan, personnel should identify and define any potential risks; e.g., downtime, network traffic levels, data integrity, operator graphics and alarms, and determine how to mitigate them.

A detailed PEP for both the engineering and the installation of the new system includes reverse-engineering the functionality of the legacy system to ensure that none of the functionality is left behind and determining how the new system will be cutover, hot or outage. A PEP is also the time to gather information regarding piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs), instrument specifications, single line diagrams, loop sheets, and other pertinent design documents. It should include well-defined documents for roles and responsibilities, a risk assessment, quality planning, testing planning, training plans, a resource-loaded schedule, and other appropriate items, all of which are important for effective execution.

Best practices, like holding regular project team meetings and following a proper communication plan, will help keep everyone on the same page and performing as planned. Document control will ensure that documentation is properly managed and updated so that the latest revisions are readily available and easily retrieved by the people using them. All of this will greatly improve efficiency when construction and commissioning activities begin.

Overall, proper upfront planning requires a holistic look at the entire facility’s operations. All company-wide factors should be discussed before developing a migration plan while there is still the greatest flexibility to deal with them. It can’t be emphasized enough— early effort spent on good planning and definition pays for itself many times over.

Smart data needs flexible networks

Networks are another area that requires attention early in the upfront planning process. Any attempt to modernize a company’s operational proficiency should always start with a thorough evaluation of its network infrastructure.

The integrated technologies underpinning the smart factory run on data. Smart technologies are essential tools for capturing and analyzing data, and turning it into intelligence that enables datadriven decisions in real time. Recognizing that data is the lifeblood of the smart factory, and that data runs through networks, don’t overestimate the importance of a capable and efficient network to operational success.

Many facilities run on networks that evolved, rather than resulted from thoughtful planning. Those networks often started small and grew as needed to support new operations or system functionality. The unplanned sprawl that results from this sort of evolutionary growth produces networks that are sluggish and cumbersome to maintain.

Think of a network infrastructure as the central nervous system of the body, connecting all the parts together in a way that enables them to function as a unit. Without it, facilities just have a collection of disjointed parts. Like the nervous system, a proper networking infrastructure operates efficiently and homogeneously, even when different mechanisms are employed. Like the body uses both electrical and chemical messages for passing information, a network will utilize multiple protocols to achieve the best fit of features to function. Replacing outdated or hard-to-support protocols with mainstream ones will minimize incompatibility problems while shoring up the enterprise network.

Design and develop for agility

A good holistic design approach is foundational for addressing the long-term evolving needs of a smart factory. Success results from production processes and systems that can adapt quickly to change, not ones hindered by cumbersome designs and slow change management procedures.

Legacy control systems were designed as stand-alone solutions, without standardization of method or function. When considered all together, these systems often have holes and/or overlap in the functionality required for them to interoperate efficiently. To provide a proper foundation for the smart factory, these systems would need to have been constructed in a cohesive manner from a master plan or template, which is rarely the case.

Depending on a facility’s infrastructure, the approach to the redesign effort varies, but the best design will blend appropriate quantities of tried-and-true methods with value-adding modern technologies. Modular designs support seamless upgrades using standards-based products and software. Object-oriented design, for example, is one technology that can greatly improve the speed and agility of project implementation while establishing a consistent, flexible, and capable platform for handling any of the smart factory’s functional needs.

Implementation and execution

When it comes time for the implementation phase of an automation project, qualified personnel will need to execute rigorous testing and commissioning procedures to ensure safe and efficient startup. This is where a qualified team will use the gathered documentation from the PEP to create dynamic test plans and document procedures, such as loop checks, control system hot cutovers, and more.

These detailed plans serve as the execution blueprint for each precommissioning assessment and are used to verify that each device performs both individually and systematically as intended prior to startup.

Shortcuts here will inevitably lead to operational problems, costing many times over any savings realized from reduced commissioning time. Take the time to follow thorough procedures created with input from subject matter experts who have a track record of successful project execution.

The path forward: sustain and improve

Much emphasis is placed on a solid plan and a holistic design, as these important elements greatly impact the success of implementing and sustaining a process control system. The details of the execution plan ultimately determine the timeless viability of a new automation solution based on that initial design. If planned for from the start of the project, continuous improvement initiatives can help manufacturers optimize processes and increase operational safety and efficiency, giving them an ongoing competitive advantage.

It is important to establish standards and good automation engineering best practices to ensure that the new automation system is designed and configured in a way that meets your facility’s requirements while being maintainable over the long term. A good design helps to future-proof the automation solution to accommodate desired new features, functions, and technologies. These systems are likely to be around for decades, and the chance that changes and improvements will be needed and desired during a system’s lifetime is pretty much a sure thing.

To this end, as manufacturers plan, develop, and build their smart factories, they must also consider new approaches, such as setting up secure remote infrastructures and establishing remote application support capabilities, to continuously optimize, maintain, and sustain them.

Where remote access capabilities are required, legacy systems present a challenge as hardware and software support, security updates, and software fixes for older releases become obsolete. Manufacturing personnel will need to safeguard their IP with critical updates, reboots, and patches for system security and reliability. With this in mind, manufacturers should develop remote management strategies whereby they leverage smart technologies, mobile devices, remote access connectivity, and communications tools to ensure that critical infrastructures remain up and running efficiently.

Reducing the time in-house personnel must perform or be trained on critical automation tasks can realize a cost savings. Consider outsourcing remote management and preventative maintenance services to help ease the workload for personnel having to perform a variety of critical tasks, including incident management, system backup and recovery, data analysis and retrieval, software updates and patches, real-time monitoring of software and systems, machine learning, predictive analytics, IT/OT hardware refresh, online automation, and system programming edits.

Regardless of a facility’s size, the road to a smart factory is navigable if there’s a clear path outlined at the beginning. A modernization project’s successful outcome depends heavily on a disciplined approach and a holistic plan from initial design concept through implementation and startup. Long-term goals to sustain and continuously improve the new smart factory further ensure flexible, agile systems for ongoing competitive success.

_{Images courtesy of Rockwell Automation}

_{This feature comes from the ebook  AUTOMATION 2023 Volume 3: IIoT & Industry 4.0.}